A complete protein (or whole protein) is a source of protein that contains an adequate proportion of all nine of the essential amino acids necessary for the dietary needs of humans. Not all species require the same amino acids, therefore what may be a complete protein for a human may not be complete for an animal.
According to the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), formerly called the Institute of Medicine (IoM), complete proteins are supplied by meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, quinoa, or soybean. Since the amino acid profile of protein in plant food may, except for few cases, be deficient in one or more of the following types, plant proteins are said to be incomplete. However Young et al. (1994) found that plant proteins are not necessarily incomplete, they do have those amino acids although in small quantities but not necessarily absent in essential amino acids, it is considered a myth that plants have incomplete amino acid profile. Vegetarian meals may supply complete protein by the practice of protein combining, which raises the amino acid profile through plant variety.
The following table lists the optimal profile of the essential amino acids, which comprises complete protein, as recommended by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board:
The second column in the following table shows the amino acid requirements of adults as recommended by the World Health Organization calculated for a 70 kg (150 lb) adult. Recommended Daily Intake is based on 2,000 kilocalories per day, which is also an appropriate daily calorie allowance for a fairly sedentary, 70 kg (150 lb) adult. The third column in the following table shows the amino acid profile of 2,466 kilocalories of baked potatoes (2,652 g or 5 lb 13.5 oz).
While many plant proteins are lower in one or more essential amino acids than animal proteins, especially lysine, and to a lesser extent methionine and threonine, eating a variety of plants can serve as a well-balanced and complete source of amino acids.
Consuming a mixture of plant-based protein sources can increase the biological value (BV) of food. For example, to obtain 25 grams of high BV protein requires 492 grams (1 lb 1 oz) of canned pinto beans (USDA16044) for a total calorie intake of 423 kcal. When paired with 12 g (.5 oz) of Brazil nuts (USDA12078), we require only 364 g (13 oz) of canned pinto beans, for a total of 391 kcal. This small addition of Brazil nuts yields a 23% reduction in the total food mass and a 7.5% reduction in calories. Complementary proteins need not be eaten at the same meal for your body to use them together. Your body can combine complementary proteins that are eaten over the course of the day.
Video Complete protein
Sources of complete protein
- Generally, proteins derived from animal foods (meats, fish, poultry, milk, eggs) are complete. The only truly "incomplete" protein in the food supply is an animal protein: gelatin, which is missing the amino acid tryptophan. Proteins derived from plant foods (legumes, seeds, grains, and vegetables) are generally complete as well (examples include potatoes, chickpeas, black beans, kidney beans, pumpkin seeds, cashews, cauliflower, quinoa, pistachios, turnip greens, black-eyed peas, kasha, and soy).
- Certain traditional dishes, such as Mexican beans (legumes) and corn (Poaceae), Japanese soybeans (legumes) and rice (Poaceae), Cajun red beans (legumes) and rice, or Indian pappu (legumes) and rice or rotta (both Poaceae) combine legumes with grains to provide a meal that is high in all essential amino acids.
- Foods that also obtain the highest possible Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) score of 1.0 are certain dairy products (including whey), egg whites, and soy protein isolate. Other foods, such as amaranth, buckwheat, hempseed, meat, poultry, Salvia hispanica, soybeans, quinoa, seafood, seaweed, and spirulina also are complete protein foods, but may not obtain a PDCAAS score of 1.0.
- Meal replacements and bodybuilding supplements based on whey protein, casein, egg albumen protein and other animal foods are considered complete protein. Vegan protein meal replacement and supplements based on individual plants (brown rice, yellow pea), and soy protein derived from soybean are complete. Very often, plant based meal replacements and supplements are made from plant protein blends.
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See also
- Protein quality
- Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
- Essential amino acid
Notes
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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